Importance Of Image Preprocessing - 1204 Words

3.2.1 Preprocessing Image preprocessing activity is compulsory for obvious reason that satellite images are subject to various distortions. Preprocessing activities such as image sub-setting or clipping by the study area, re-projection, and image panning or resolution merge are performed for all images in order for all images be ready for use. Preprocessed level 1 Satellite images were obtained from NASA Earth Explorer web site for this study. The images were downloaded from USGS Landsat archive web site and layer stacked after extracting the compiled file. Image selection and preference of seasons was based on, one for its free availability of the data and the other it was free from cloud coverage. After data acquisition, image to†¦show more content†¦Hyperspectral Color Sharpening was first designed for WorldView 2 sensor 8 band data, but the algorism works with any multispectral data containing 3 bands or more. Hence, after all the processes, a better 5m resolution images were generated for each year that are found to be better interpretable. Therefore, all preprocessing activities helped a lot to get a better quality image which improves the interpretation and classification processes in the later stages. 3.2.2 Image Classification After all the pre-processing activities, one of the actual work of the study is image classification which is the basis for change detection activity. Classification is one of the seven change detection mechanisms and supervised classification was employed for this study. Supervised classification requires the selection of training areas to get accurate classification output. It is profoundly based on the quality and quantity of training samples to produce good quality classification results. Fig 3.4 Landsat images after preprocessed and pan sharpened with SPOT 5 image. 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The Hidden Truth on Apa Research Paper Examples Revealed

The Hidden Truth on Apa Research Paper Examples Revealed The significance of the outline in the research paper is clear. You might also see speech outline. Aside from a report outline and a presentation outline, a research paper outline is among the most usual types of outlines you're very likely to encounter in any particular field. By studying various outline samples, you're guaranteed to come up with the ideal research paper outline in almost no time. The New Angle On Apa Research Paper Examples Just Released When writing a research paper on a psychology-related domain your goal is to make those complicated ideas full of specific stipulations, more accessible to the wide audience and, at precisely the same time, add your own knowledge in the specialty. In case the research isn't complete yet, you can consist of preliminary benefits or theory about the possible outcome. It's an educated guess because it's based on previous research, training, observation, and a review of t he appropriate research literature. The Apa Research Paper Examples Game The sole difference is the true content presented in the paper. A well-made outline is critical in locating considerable info and keeping track of large quantities of information from a research paper. Besides some elements your abstract has to contain, there are a few things you ought to avoid. When it's too long, make it shorter, but put the entire name on the remainder of the pages. A title page is normally in the middle of the page and is a concise overview of the topic. The title should appear at the peak of each page. Another sentence containing a particular fact, with the origin of the fact cited. Apa Research Paper Examples Ideas The APA advises that you use the author-date method. APA format is well-known among students because of its simple guidelines and approach. When writing references, APA style advises that you give the author's last name and after that utilize initials for the other names. It recommends that your title is no more than 12 words in length. The Secret to Apa Research Paper Examples You can't avoid double spacing that's mandatory in the full paper. Your document may have a complicated structure, especially in the event the principal body will be big. There you may learn to construct the structure and its elements. In the event the structure of the principal body has many levels, it is preferable to use different numbering styles. Choosing Apa Research Paper Examples As the title of the writing implies you must conduct the research in the certain region of knowledge. There are various views relating to this issue. It is going to greatly allow you to shape your research and provide its readers the very best impression. Some readers will be considering research methods utilised in your work while others might read certain points mentioned in your research. Some students simply don't have sufficient knowledge for a definite job. They find it hard to conduct primary or secondary research while others simply lack knowledge of the subject. College students should use a suitable numbering for unique sections. New Questions About Apa Research Paper Examples You may probably be aware that the structure of some academic papers is dependent on both formatting and kind of paper. APA format can help you to organize your paper well. The simple format is identical for all sorts of references. The format of your abstract also depends upon the sort of paper you're writing. The Fight Against Apa Research Paper Examples While the abstract will be at the start of your paper, it ought to be the previous section that you write. For smaller essays, it may also be very small and contain just a few elements. The objective of your abstract is to supply a brief yet thorough summary of your paper. Making an APA outline is the very first matter to do in developing a structure on what is going to be written in the paper and the way it's written. An individual should realize that every Research Paper is a sophisticated writing because it must contain distinctive research and distinctive idea. Composing such a paper isn't such a draconic task since you might think. Writing research paper isn't just merely a compilation of related literature that could support the argument you're trying to raise, the findings you're trying to get, or the question you're trying to reply. The Foolproof Apa Research Paper Examples Strategy The framework of the way to write research papers have become the most distinguishable portion of each formatting standard. As one can see, there are a few studies that confirm the significance of genetic component for the growth of depression. It can be clear that there are a few traumatic life-events, which can impact the mental state of someone during the full life, especially if such events happened in childhood. Examine the limitations and implications of the analysis.

Coal eAuction Business Marketing free essay sample

Group 5- Coal E-Auction Business Marketing- Case Study 9/4/2013 Great Lakes Institute of Management, Surgeon Ankhs Vistas, Anural Sappy, Kina Matt, Reject Raving, Shall Shirtwaist Introduction: Mining in India is a major economic activity which contributes significantly to the economy of India. The GAP contribution of the mining industry varies from 2. 2% to 2. 5% only but going by the GAP of the total industrial sector it contributes around 10% to 11%. India has the fifth largest coal reserves in the world. Coal with a proven reserve of 860 billion tones is mined the most in the world. At the same time, the emend curve for this sector is always on the rising side. The power sector is the largest consumer of coal followed by the iron and steel and cement segments. Apart from the major coal consumers there are other smaller sectors which need coal for their operations. Coal India Limited which is the controlling arm of all the coal business in India is required to meet the growing needs of the demands from all sectors. Coal is primarily being transported through roadways, railways and through carriers. An innovative method of transporting coal through slurry pipelines is also under consideration in India to be implemented on a larger scale. Problem in coal marketing: Coal Marketing in India has seen a lot of changes since the mining industry began flourishing. All the coal was supplied to the buyers through the Fuel Supply Agreement (FSP). Initially in sectors other than the major three like power, steel and cement, there was a fixed price regime, and corner black market premium under a quota system where permits were given on a first-come, first-served basis. The normal buyers had to pay a lot of extra money to the mafia who had their claws firmly on the coal logistics. The government came up with a solution of introducing E- auctioning of coal which would be a more equitable and rational marketing system. By introducing E-auctioning for the coal allocation, the government aimed to achieve the following benefits: * total transparency in coal marketing * Single window clearance for sale of coal * Dowdiest coverage of participation possible * Equal treatment to all categories of customers * buyers get coal of their choice of grades/sources * buyers can book coal trot any. . here in the country * Coal price would become fully market driven leading to better price discovery * None consumers would get the chance to buy coal NON quota/linkage would be needed for purchase of coal. By using the cutting edge technology, primarily the internet, parties provide the clients with an opportunity to cut costs and at the same time increase revenue and en hance margins. E-Auction has become a preferred mode of selling for coal, lignite and other minerals, due to its various advantages spanning from transparency of the selling process to fair market price realization, and more and more companies are adopting this mechanism for the sale of their products. Auction System: Auction is a market mechanism by which buyers make bids and sellers place offers; hardhearted by the competitive and dynamic nature by which the final price is reached. Electronic Auctions or E-Auctions are those which are conducted online. In the case of coal the scenario is of a single seller I. E. Coal India Limited (COIL) and many buyers. This type of auctioning is known as forward auctioning. See: Exhibit 1 Another form of auctioning is called the reverse auction. This is the scenario where there are many potential sellers and Just one buyer. The buyer places an item for bid (tender) on a request for quote (REF) system, potential suppliers bid on the Job, with he price reducing sequentially, and the lowest bid wins; used mainly in BIB and BIB e-commerce. E-Auction services in Coal Business: According to the Coal distribution policy of India, 10% of the coal produced is to be sold through E-auctioning. A minimum bidding quantity of 50 tons of coal is required as criteria to participate in the e-auctioning. Any buyer can participate in spot e- auction and only actual consumer can participate in forward e-auction. The procedure for participation in e-auction is specified in the scheme for spot e-auction and scheme for forward e-auction. A customer can get E Auction schedule from captive websites of Coal Companies or portal of MAST and injunction. This is a competitive bidding process and the highest bidder is awarded the coal block. Then payments are done followed by the transportation of the coal to the buyer through the available modes of transportation. See: Exhibit 2 The New Coal Distribution Policy: Problems persisting in the extant distribution policy led to a series of litigations between Consumers and Coal companies. Ultimately the Apex Court, in one such dispute, ruled that Government should come out with a New Coal Distribution Policy in view of stake-holders. A committee under the Chairmanship of Secretary (Coal) was formed by the Government with the following terms of reference: * Review of existing classification of consumers into Core and Non Core sectors. * Suggest a Mechanism for supply of coal to consumers in different sectors. * Mechanism for supply of coal to small/tiny consumers who are unable to access coal * Directly from coal companies. * Strategies to bring about transparency in coal distribution by use of Modern * Technologies including Intimation Technology. Target Markets: The Coal E-auction has its targets markets in the following sectors such as: Kilns * Rice Husk Plants Steel plants * Power Plants see: Exhibit 3 Result of introducing E-auction in coal business: * Brick After 2005, over the years since the introduction of e-auction in coal business, Coal India Limited has seen an increase in its business and the losses it was incurring due to the coal mafia has been significantly minimized. A huge price increase of coal in e- auctions has allowed Coal India to substantially increase its revenue and profits. See: Exhibit 4 The above innovative methodology was put to test on February 19, 2005. The results were fantastic: * Price realization was 54% over the floor price * Forced the breakup of cartels. Enabled small consumers to participate due to smaller lot sizes. * Bidders were extremely satisfied with the simple and user friendly screen. * The methodology was adopted as the standard methodology for sale of coal, across all the subsidiary companies of COIL. * The earlier service provider was asked to adopt this methodology. 10 Million Tons of coal was initially earmarked by Ministry of Coal to be sold in FYI 06, which was subsequently revised to 20 Million Tons. * Consumers could buy coal of their choice directly in small lots efficiently, conveniently transparently. * Disappearance of middle men. * Stoppage of black marketing. Sills average realization above the notified price during April November 2005 was around 54. 2%. For the first time since the nationalization of the coal indu stry and the formation of COIL, the public sector behemoth looked set to report a net profit of more than 6,000 core. E-auction growth opportunities in India: With the fast growing technology along with the tremendous growth in Internet, the E-auction has more opportunities to grow with innovations by branching itself across various sectors in India. Some of the sectors where the E-auction can grow are: Telecoms: The auctioning of the telecoms spectrum earlier this year was severely reductive by Major Service providers such as Birth Airtime and Idea Cellular. There is a huge opportunity in this sector which is still yet untapped. Power: E-Auctioning in electricity kicked off in India in June 2008. Since then the volume of daily power traded has gone up from 60 Mega watt hours (MPH) to 37000 MPH. This e-auction in power sector is mainly used for short term power market. In the main stream market the e-auctioning can be introduced once the surety for supply of power is ensured tort all demands. Real State The E-auction to mill properties by state-owned National Textile Corporation (ANT) has received good response from the developers and consultants. Most of the properties in real estate business can be sold through E- auctioning. This will revolutionize the way of operation of the real estate business. Apart from the above mentioned areas, e-auction can be primarily used to replace any business which involves normal auctioning process. Limitations of the E-auction: Any service though has a lot of advantages will always falter in certain aspects. In the same way E-auctioning services also suffer some limitations. They are as follows: * Possibility of fraud * Limited participation Security * Auction software * Long cycle time * Monitoring time * Equipment for buyers * Order fulfillment costs Future of E-auctioning: Global Auctioning: E-auctioning can be extended worldwide without confining to the businesses of the country. This allows buyers and sellers from all over the world to interact with each other seamlessly to do business. Real Time Auctions: E-auctions can be used to conduct real time auctions for almost all items from selling of antique items to minerals. Exhibit 1 Source: Electronic Commerce Prentice Hall 2006 Publication Exhibit 2 Exhibit 3 Source: Coal India Limited

Song Analysis Scars to Your Beautiful Essay Example

Song Analysis Scars to Your Beautiful Paper There are many songs out today that portray women to be a certain type of way. Women are held up to very high standards and many songs acknowledge it. It happens to both genders, but it is more towards the girls have to have a certain type of image in order to be liked or wanted. It is not very common that there are songs about looking otherwise or just being who you are. Songs concentrate on being accepted by others and wanting to fit in with the norm rather than focusing on yourself and trying to be happy within you. In the song Scars to Your Beautiful by Alessia Cara, is a catchy, upbeat song that tends to focus more on oneself rather than others. I think this is a great song because it is relatable and talks about being happy and content with who you truly are. With body image being such a major issue in today’s society, this song mentions how it is not all about what others think about your looks. Alessia mentions how models do not really go through the struggle that everyday people. In the song it says â€Å"Oh she don’t see the light that’s shining deeper than the eyes can find it maybe we have made her blind So she tries to cover up her pain, and cut her woes away ‘cause covergirls don’t cry after their face is made. This shows that girls are trying to beautiful according to society and the high standards. Society does not allow us to see our own beauty and we have become blind. She compares every day girls to those who are on Covergirl because those on covergirl have Photoshop to fix their image. They typically are happy with how they appear due to all the advantages they have. The line, â€Å" She has dreams to be an envy, so she is starving you know, Covergirls eat nothing† brings up the who le starving oneself to become skinny and thin. Since on magazines girls are very thin it makes others feel that in order to be beautiful you have to be skinny. These lyrics are relatable because many compare themselves to people th We will write a custom essay sample on Song Analysis Scars to Your Beautiful specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Song Analysis Scars to Your Beautiful specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Song Analysis Scars to Your Beautiful specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Analysis of Exact! Stores Essays

Analysis of Exact! Stores Essays Analysis of Exact! Stores Essay Analysis of Exact! Stores Essay Introduction This case analyses the market strategy behind the introduction of Exact! Universal Apparel. In the past, the Foschini Group owned a chain store called Pages. Pages had been a successful chain in the past, but it targeted a different market to the target market identified by Exact!. Pages target market was focused on the LSM 2 – 4 market. , whereas Exact! Target market focused on LSM 4 – 8. In this assignment, I have identified the problems and challenges facing Exact! the various marketing strategies that can be identified in analyzing the case as well as proposed solutions in order to grow the company from strength to strength. 2Identification of the problems I have identified several problems / challenges facing Exact! : Customers are spending disposable income elsewhere. It is mentioned in the case that consumers are spending more money in casinos, lottery tickets and cell phones. The granting of credit is also going to become increasingly difficult with all Retail outlets and in this particular case, with Exact! In addition, the petrol price is at an all time high in South Africa. Inflation is reaching double digits and customers can no longer afford to service their debts. Food and other essentials are far more important in terms of priorities consequently, consumers will not be able to afford to pay back their debts. Another issue that I believe could lead to bigger issues is the fact that the Foschini Group outsource a large proportion of the expertise required by Exact!. Often these expertise is outsourced to a company that is based abroad which leads to additional problems. The biggest risk that I believe Exact! is facing is the fact that they are copying the Gap Model used in the United States of America. Whilst it may work for a period of time, it is important to note that what is successful in what country / place is not necessarily successful in another. The Gap Chain store has been around for many years whereas Exact! is not as well established and has targeted a totally different market to the Gap Chain store in the United States of America. 3Analysis of the marketing strategy 3. 1STP 3. 1. 1Segmentation Exact! targeted several market segments with a different offering for each, this is commonly recognized as a differentiated segmentation strategy. The reason firms choose this segmentation is because it helps them obtain a bigger share of the market and increases the market for their products overall (Grewal and Levy, 2008). Exact! identified the â€Å"Gap† model because this particular clothing store based in America has a focused product range that appeals to almost the whole population. Exact! did not want to take away the market that Foschini and Markhams appealed to. Therefore, from a financial perspective it made sense to target a broad range of consumers with a small product range. 3. 1. 2Targeting Exact! targeted its segmentation on LSM’s 4 – 8. They are men, women and children from all ethnic groups. The people in this target group are price conscious and looking for value for money. They include young, modern, aspiring individuals who are fashion conscious who want to be recognised for their taste in clothing. 3. 1. 3Positioning Markhams and Foschini focus on a tight consumer group, but offer a complete wardrobe for that lifestyle. The Foschini Group positioned Exact! as a brand that provides more than just â€Å"functional relevance†. The Group wanted the brand to be more aspirational, more accessible and cheaper than expected. This led to the positioning of Exact! as â€Å"Accessible, affordable and aspirational†. Exact! also wanted to create a smart / casual product offering by the worldwide trend of casulalisation in the work place. The challenge is to ensure that casual or basic wear was given an identity and not seen as boring. 3. 23 C’s 3. 2. 1Customer In the past, Pages had targeted LSM’s 2 – 4. Exact! targeted a much broader target market, that is LSM’s 4 – 8. Accordingly, this broader target market, resulted in items that may be perceived as inexpensive but great quality to LSM 8. It also enabled the LSM 4 Exact! arget market to be exposed to excellent value items, which are more expensive . In order to curb the pricing issue, Exact! offered credit to their customers. This resulted in the building of an effective database that was targeted by various marketing activities and special offers. 3. 2. 2Competition Competition in the retail sector in South Africa is rife. Exact! therefore targeted a very broad target profile. The company adopted The Best Total Cost competitive strategy for the company. This proposition would differentiate it from other retailers. The strategy encompassed a variety of aspects:- Tight control; Process driven mindsets; and Simplicity, cost cutting The offering of credit also added to their competitive advantage. Customers were able to obtain credit without any extra cost to them. At the time of Exact! ’s entry to the market, retailers and competition such as Mr Price were not offering credit which meant they had a competitive advantage compared to other retailers. 3. 2. 3Company The Foschini Group includes the following retailers:- Exact! , Foschini, Markham, American Swiss, Sterns, Totalsports, Sport Scene, Fashion Express, Donna-Claire, RJL, @Home and Due South.

Ibid. or Op. Cit. Latin Terms in Academic Referencing

Ibid. or Op. Cit. Latin Terms in Academic Referencing Ibid. or Op. Cit.? Latin Terms in Academic Referencing We’ve written about the term â€Å"et al.† before. However, there are several other Latin terms we can use when referencing sources in an academic paper. In this post, we look at a few of the most common, including â€Å"ibid.,† â€Å"op. cit.† and â€Å"loc. cit.,† â€Å"passim,† and â€Å"cf.† 1. Ibid. (In the Same Place) One of the most widely used Latin terms in academic referencing is â€Å"ibid.† This is short for ibidem, which means â€Å"in the same place.† It is therefore used for repeat citations: 1. Danielle Ward, Any Questions? (London: DTRT Publishing, 2017), p. 30. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., p. 39-41. Here, for example, we have three footnotes that all cite the same source. We give the full source information in the first footnote. After that, we use â€Å"ibid.† in the next two footnotes to show that we’re citing the same source without having to write the publication information out again. In the second footnote, we use â€Å"ibid.† by itself to cite the exact same page as the previous citation. But in the third, we also give page numbers to show that we’re citing a different part of the same text. 2. Loc. Cit. and Op. Cit. (Repeat Citations) The Latin terms â€Å"loc. cit.† and â€Å"op. cit.† are also used for repeat citations, but each one has a specific function. â€Å"Loc. cit.† is an abbreviation of loco citato, which means â€Å"in the place cited.† It is used when citing the exact same part of a source as in a previous citation: 1. Danielle Ward, Any Questions? (London: DTRT Publishing, 2017), p. 30. 2. Loc. cit. Since it is only used for the same part of a text, you never need to give a page number with â€Å"loc. cit.† Meanwhile, â€Å"op. cit.† is short for opere citato, which translates as â€Å"in the work cited.† We use this when referring to a different part of the cited text: 1. Michael Legge, Precious Little (New York: Pod Books, 2015), p. 198. 2. Op. cit., p. 102. With these terms, if you cite other texts before returning to the one you are citing again, you should also include the author’s surname in the repeat citation to clarify which source you’re referencing. 3. Passim (Scattered Throughout) â€Å"Passim† comes from the Latin word passus, which meant â€Å"scattered.† We therefore use it to reference information that is scattered throughout a text: This usage of â€Å"democracy† is repeated throughout the text (Carlin, 2007, passim). Generally, it is better to give an exact citation if possible. But â€Å"passim† can be used if you want to point to relevant information that appears in many different parts of a source. 4. Cf. (Comparisons) The term â€Å"cf.† is short for conferatum. This translates as â€Å"compare,† so we use â€Å"cf.† when we want to highlight a text for comparison: The approach adopted by Robins (2002) is a striking contrast to those used by their predecessors (cf. Blackburn, 1974). In this case, for instance, we’re using â€Å"cf.† to suggest a contrast between Robins and Blackburn. A Final Note Keep in mind that different referencing systems prefer different Latin terms! If you’re not sure which of these to use in your work, remember to check your college style guide first.

Writing a Fundraising Bid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Writing a Fundraising Bid - Assignment Example This is an organization that supports children, as well as, youthful generation in the line of education, creative art and health care among other vital areas. The organization operates in Somalia- a country that has experience war for several decades. In order to attract funding from reputable organizations such as Oxfam and Children in Need organization, the plan will identify the expectations of key stakeholders. It also examined important strategies such as projects, alliance and political system so as to expand its capacity with regards to fundraising bid (Burnett, 2002). The strategy of CCSO was defined based on the prevailing political situation in country. Other important issues covered include the core competence, possible successful factors employable in maximizing fundraising bid and finally, the competitive landscape prevailing within the NGO sector in Somaliland. The first section of the plan discussed about the organization, its aims and objectives. The second portion l ooked at legal structure of the organization and its policies. The third section explained the project summary. Fourth part was budgets and financial monitoring. Firth section discussed the project proposal. This was followed by project timelines, expected outcome and finally, procedure of monitoring and evaluation. Basically, it was projected that the fundraising plan for CCSO will help in attracting adequate funds to support its operations in Somalia. Table of Contents 1.0Executive Summary 1 1.0 Community Child Support Organization (CCSO) 3 1.1 Vision 4 1.2 Mission 4 1.3 Objective and Goals 4 1.4 Legal Form of Ownership and Policies 4 2.0 Management Team 5 3.0 Project Summary 5 3.2 Budget Monitoring 7 4.2 Problem Statement 8 4.3 Objective of the proposal 8 4.4 Research Questions 9 5.0 Project Milestones/Timeline 9 6.0 Project Outcomes and Achievements 11 7.0 Project Monitoring and Evaluation 12 1.0 Community Child Support Organization (CCSO) Community Child Support Organization (C CSO) was established in the year 2013 in the bid to support children and youths in Somalia as the country starts to enjoy the recently regained peace. It is an independent child support organization with its main operation set to begin in Somalia. The areas where the NGO will cover include health, education, environment and sports. The founder and Chief Executive of the organization have a permanent residence in the country and this will make it easier for planning and monitoring of the project. The CEO has the responsibility of managing CCSO alongside other local citizens and foreign expertise from the neighboring countries. In simple terms, Community Child Support organization is an entrepreneurial Non Governmental Organization with a lean management system. 1.1 Vision The vision of CCSO is to attract funds through improved fundraising strategy in order to support children welfare in Somalia 1.2 Mission The mission of CCSO is to be the leading child aid organization in Somalia tha t protect children and youths in areas such as education, sports, health and environment. 1.3 Objective and Goals The main purpose of this plan is to devise strategies that would help CCSO to attract funds from the renowned child aid organizations across the globe. By establishing a solid fundraising base for the organization, various activities will be taken care of adequately. The followings are the main goals of the organization. To examine stakeholders expectations To investigate on political scenario, strategic alliances and projects To identify potentiality of CCSO NGO with regards to the prevailing political system in Somalia The clearly define strategy of CCSO as far as organization developments is

Annotated Bibliographies Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bibliographies - Annotated Bibliography Example ganization came up, the challenges faced by the society before and after setting up of the organization and the tremendous changes that the organization has gone through since establishment. The article gives a good overview of the progress that the organization has made in assisting the juveniles. At the beginning of the article, there is a clear indication of the need to seek alternatives for the juvenile cases awaiting trial. The article clearly states the initial mission for the setting up of the Juvenile detention Alternatives initiative and how these have been achieved and the challenges faced along the way. This article stipulates the efforts that the juvenile judges and county officials are putting in place to decrease the number of juveniles ending up on the criminal justice system. The article states that the Haris county officials have set aside $700, 000 after making changes to the detention policies. The article explains in a detailed way the adopted ways to resolve the juvenile system challenges. The article explores the effects of the juvenile system and expounds on ways to improve the system. The article brings into light other organizations dealing in the juvenile system and the efforts they have put to better the system. The article expounds on the policies being implemented by the Annie E. Casey foundation in relation to juvenile detention alternatives initiatives. The article lists down police, juvenile courts, schools, public defenders, elected officials, county attorney and community representatives among others as the stakeholders of JDAI. The article goes ahead to explain the category of juveniles and the correction measures that can be taken to correct their behavior. The article explains the role of juvenile system in correcting the behavior of young criminals. The article clearly explains the various milestones achieved in Juvenile detention alternatives initiative and further efforts that should be implemented to make it a success.

Contingencies to Airasias Marketing Strategy Essay Example for Free

Contingencies to Airasias Marketing Strategy Essay Suggest three contingencies AirAsia should consider and rationalize your choice. What are the main modifications to the current marketing strategy should AirAsia undertake to respond to these contingencies. There are number of threats that AirAsia faces thus it should have well-prepared contingency plans in case certain situations occur. The following part focuses on analyzing three main contingencies that AirAsia should take into consideration as well as the modifications to the current marketing strategy that it would have to make to respond in case certain events occur. What if price war happens  To compete with the rivals, each airline introduced its own strategy. Famous full service carriers like Singapore Airlines and Thai Airways have set up low cost subsidiaries. Malaysia Airlines launched competitive promotion scheme while independent low-cost airlines like Valuair focused on improving customer services through offering additional benefits to customers. Obviously, the harsh competitiveness in the region strengthens the probability that price war might happen. Price war happens when almost all airline companies simultaneously start to reduce their prices and the region’s aviation industry as a whole fails to deliver profit. Price war might have a serious impact on AirAsia if it, together with other airlines in the region, starts to reduce its prices to compete. Customers now will have various choices and would be able to switch to the airlines that offer them the best price as well as best service. If price war does happen, AirAsia should make the following modification to its current strategy: Increase customer satisfaction by improving on-flight service quality as discussed in depth in the third paragraph of question one. What if customers decide to switch to other airlines Air Asia now has to face up with increasing competition not only from low cost subsidiaries of full service carries but also from the emergence of independent low cost airlines. With the increasing emergence of new airlines which provide customers with not only low fares but also â€Å"a level of service far beyond that expected†, the probability that customers switch to other airlines is very high. Recently, AirAsia has been receiving many complaints from passengers who are unsatisfied with the service quality. Focusing intensively on keeping costs low, AirAsia neglected the satisfaction and convenience of its customers. Thus, the company should consider the possibility that customers might switch to other airlines. In this case the following modifications to the strategy should be made: AirAsia should offer incentives for the customers to stay with the company by introducing frequent flyer bonus miles. To motivate customers’, AirAsia can also offer membership cards which would provide them not only with additional miles but also with regular customers’ discount on specific flights to specific destinations or at special period of time. What if AirAsia is unsuccessful in entering new markets such as China and India†¦ AirAsia is now looking for expanding routes to other countries in the region and China and India are a huge potential. However, these markets have completely different economies and therefore there is a probability that the market will not support a new airline. Also, for example, when going to China – a huge market, AirAsia needs to be ready to face tough competition. Besides good reputation in the market, well-established airlines in China such as China Airline, Cathay Pacific, etc. are offering very high quality service to customer. In addition to that in the meantime, AirAsia has to compete with many tough competitors in its local market. Thus, there is possibility that AirAsia might not take the lead when entering new markets and might not be able to reach its targets in new markets. Therefore, AirAsia should take into account the possibility of low demand and be ready to make modifications to its strategy in order to respond: The Olympic Games 2008 would be a great opportunity for AirAsia to strengthen its image in customers’ mind. To take this advantage, AirAsia should organize some activities to promote the company. Other big companies will certainly promote itself through taking part in such activities as Olympic Sponsorship, On-Air advertisement, etc. AirAsia should choose a different tactic. Instead, it can create association between AirAsia and the Olympic through programs spread via mass media such as: design logo for AirAsia used during the Olympic time or organize a lottery program the prizes of which would be Olympic tickets or flying tickets inside China. AirAsia can also use other promotion programs like offering round trip tickets flying to cities where the Games would take place at the price of 1 reminbi (Chinese currency) for the first 10 customers buying tickets at a random period of time during 6 months before the Olympics. This should help build up the demand for AirAisa’ services among the customers and enhance its position in customers’ mind. To conclude, it is important for AirAsia to be aware of all contingencies that may happen during its operations and to be ready to apply modifications to the strategy to protect itself from any possible issues that might occur. These contingencies may not come to reality but it is essential to have contingency plans and to be able to make necessary modifications to the strategy in case of the price war, or lost of the customers, or difficulties entering the new markets in order to adapt to these changes and continue to operate successfully.

A Discussion of the Social Effects of Biotechnology Essay examples --

A Discussion of the Social Effects of Biotechnology The world of work in agriculture is in a process of rapid change. While "change" is by no means alien to agriculture, something new has entered the arena which promises and/or threatens to fundamentally alter agricultural practices across the globe. Biotechnology has already begun to be implemented resulting in what may be important shifts in not only agricultural production, but indeed changes in the very makeup of agricultural products themselves. This promises to pose serious challenges and/or opportunities to farmers across the globe. However, this may of course depend where it is particular farmers stand in relation to the power and socio-economic relations surrounding biotechnology. Indeed, this new and rapidly expanding1 field of technology is by no means some "invisible hand" or politically neutral" futuristic vision" (such as that presented at Disney's EPCOT Center) that will shape the way we produce and consume food. Those who will control the manner in which biotechnology is applied to agriculture will, and indeed are, acutely shaping the social relations that are structured around it. Biotechnology and its accompanying industries, such as genetic engineering, have become the "buzz words" of the day much in the same way nuclear energy was discussed in the early days of nuclear power. It is held up, for example, as holding the promise of solving the world's food shortages. According to major corporations involved in biotechnology, such as Monsanto2 , genetic engineering heralds the wave of the future. They argue that this technology will not only be able to provide for the world's food sources, but will likewise help preserve the environment. Farming of th... ...en a dramatic turn. At the end of last year, Mr Shapiro announced that the company,...would spin off the core of the firm, a chemicals business with sales of around $3 billion in sales-half from agricultural products,....However, Mr Shapiro has made it clear where he wants Monsanto to go. The firm, he believes, should be the main provider of the "agricultural biotechnology " the world will need if it is to feed itself in the future without despoiling the environment." (ibid.) from many of the webpages which are linked to this page. Below are listed the prinicipal web-pages: (www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/endanger.html), (www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/safebiot.html), (www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/overseas.html), (www.ces.ncsu.edu/san/htdocs/docs/other.html), (www.soybean.com), (www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/concept.htm), (www.caff.org), (www.oilseeds.org), (www.fsu.usda.gov/pas/default.asp)

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay

Throughout the book, â€Å"Of Mice and Men† George is Lennie’s everything! From dusk to dawn he is Lennie’s caretaker, friend, and he also works in place of himself and Lennie, too! He doesn’t have the easiest job in the world, either. He is faced with many challenges throughout the book. I do believe that towards the end George was finally getting enough, and he was getting tired of watching Lennie struggle. It got the best of him in a way. George has a job as a ranch hand out on the ranch. He does a little bit of everything. From making sure that the animals are in good health, and to helping the boss with anything he needs. George even watches over the slaves, to make sure they are doing what they need to be doing and are staying away from the whites. He carries a lot of responsibilities! He is also doing Lennie’s job at the same time. As we found out very quickly, Lennie is not the best at doing the task, due to his mental illness. He doesn’t know his strength, and tends to hurt/kill people and animals. Lennie has a heart of gold, and means absolutely no harm. Because of Lennie’s mental state, he needs a caretaker. George has been the one to step up to the plate and take that position. They got kicked out of Weed because Lennie went to feel a lady’s dress, and she accused him of rape. George somewhat felt guilty because as his caretaker it is his responsibility to make sure and keep an eye on him. George has to keep a close eye on Lennie and make sure that he is doing right. Any wrong thing that he may do could easily fall back on George, and they can lose everything, such as their job and shelter. At the end of the book, George had had enough of watching Lennie do wrong. He knew that after killing Curley’s wife, it could be something much worse, and being the friend he was he couldn’t watch him go through that anymore! As a friend, George is Lennie’s everything! Throughout the book, George was Lennie’s only true friend. He understood him, when everyone else didn’t. George knew when he messed up, but he still treated him like a best friend. He was more than just a caretaker, he was like a brother! I give props to George! He had been around the world and back with Lennie and he still loved him for the person he was. Even when he killed things, he was still there  and didn’t think of him any less. Now that my friends, is a TRUE friend! This book was very touching, and sad. It helped open my eyes to realize that there really are people out there who do wrong, but don’t mean to. You may be proven guilty, but that doesn’t mean that you aren’t innocent. George really was a great friend to Lennie! He had a lot of responsibility on his shoulders! He would be one to look up to. Next time you see someone do wrong, you need to stop and ask yourself, â€Å"Did they really mean that?†

Segmentation

Segmentation We believe that the marketing segmentation of Lee Kum Kee’s soy sauce is a mixture of demographic, psychographic and benefit segmentation. Since customer’s buying motives comes from their own habit and their own lifestyle before they consume soy sauce as they will use the same brand or the same soy sauce when they find that soy sauce is what they want and they need.Demographic segmentation  consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. Lee Kum Kee takes care about the minority with different religion, Lee Kum Kee establishes different labels to show whether that kind of soy sauce is suitable for them or not. For example, Lee Kum Kee recommends the Double Deluxe Soy Sauce to the Kosher as the ingredient of this soy sauce is conformed to the rules of Jewish religion.Psychographic segmentation is a method of dividing markets on the bases of the ps ychology and lifestyle habits of customers. Lee Kum Kee cares those people with different lifestyle, such as, people who concern much about their health and the vegetarian. For example, Lee Kum Kee has produced Salt Reduced Light Soy Sauce for those who concern their health much. Also, Lee kum Kee has recommended some kinds of soy sauce for the vegetarian to use.Benefit segmentation is A  form  of  market segmentation  based on the differences in specific  benefits  that different  groups  of  consumers  look for in a  product. Lee Kum Kee has provided lots of products to satisfy different needs of the people including those who affected by the demographic and psychographic factors. Apart from the above mentioned, Lee Kum Kee endeavors to provide a larger product variety. Recently, Lee Kum Kee introduces a new soy sauce without adding any MSGs. Targeting

Free Essays on “The Book Of Job“

â€Å"The Book of Job† The Book of Job, in the Old Testament of the Bible, is a complex wisdom writing that uses a blend of prose and poetry in dramatic form to explore the perennial problem of innocent suffering and God’s justice. The principal figure of the book is Job, a pious Jew afflicted with disease and stripped of all his goods. The free and imaginative transformations of Job figure are literarily comparable to Shakespeare’s treatment of Hamlet and Goethe’s use of Faust (Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001). Throughout the drama, Job asserts his innocence of wrong, thereby rejecting the traditional view that suffering is the result of sin. The humble and patient Job who bears his sufferings as proofs of piety, however, becomes the raging and insistent Job pressing relentlessly for divine vindication in the dialogue that forms the main part of the book. The argument is pursued through three cycles of speeches in which Job’s three friends, Eliphaz, Bilbad, and Zophar chide the hero and he, in answering them, challenges God. Job’s final self defense and call upon the deity is answered by God’s speech from a whirlwind in which Job is invited to trust in the divine omniscience and power. This direct experience of the mysteries of God leaves Job at peace with himself. Although no final solution to the problem is offered. Many interpreters assign the prologue and epilogue to an earlier or later hand, and it widely assumed that the poem on wisdom (chap. 28) and the speeches (Chaps. 32-37) of a fourth friend (Elihu) inserted after the dialogues were added later, because they interrupt the flow of the a rgument. The Book of Job consists of five distinct sections: a prose prologue (chap. 1-2); a series of dramatic discourses between Job and three of his friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (chap. 3-31); a discourse between Job and Elihu, a fourth friend (chap. 32-37); God’s speeches from the whirlwind (38:1-42:6); and ... Free Essays on â€Å"The Book Of Jobâ€Å" Free Essays on â€Å"The Book Of Jobâ€Å" â€Å"The Book of Job† The Book of Job, in the Old Testament of the Bible, is a complex wisdom writing that uses a blend of prose and poetry in dramatic form to explore the perennial problem of innocent suffering and God’s justice. The principal figure of the book is Job, a pious Jew afflicted with disease and stripped of all his goods. The free and imaginative transformations of Job figure are literarily comparable to Shakespeare’s treatment of Hamlet and Goethe’s use of Faust (Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001). Throughout the drama, Job asserts his innocence of wrong, thereby rejecting the traditional view that suffering is the result of sin. The humble and patient Job who bears his sufferings as proofs of piety, however, becomes the raging and insistent Job pressing relentlessly for divine vindication in the dialogue that forms the main part of the book. The argument is pursued through three cycles of speeches in which Job’s three friends, Eliphaz, Bilbad, and Zophar chide the hero and he, in answering them, challenges God. Job’s final self defense and call upon the deity is answered by God’s speech from a whirlwind in which Job is invited to trust in the divine omniscience and power. This direct experience of the mysteries of God leaves Job at peace with himself. Although no final solution to the problem is offered. Many interpreters assign the prologue and epilogue to an earlier or later hand, and it widely assumed that the poem on wisdom (chap. 28) and the speeches (Chaps. 32-37) of a fourth friend (Elihu) inserted after the dialogues were added later, because they interrupt the flow of the a rgument. The Book of Job consists of five distinct sections: a prose prologue (chap. 1-2); a series of dramatic discourses between Job and three of his friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar (chap. 3-31); a discourse between Job and Elihu, a fourth friend (chap. 32-37); God’s speeches from the whirlwind (38:1-42:6); and ...

Definition and Examples of Tmesis

Definition and Examples of Tmesis Tmesis is the separation of the parts of a compound word by another word or words, usually for emphasis or comic effect. The adjective form is  tmetic. Related to tmesis is synchesis, the jumbling of word order in an expression. Etymology:  From the Greek, a cutting Pronunciation:  (te-)ME-sis Also Known  As:  infix,  tumbarumba  (Australia) Examples and Observations Abso-friggin-lutely! I said triumphantly as I mentally crossed my fingers. (Victoria Laurie, A Vision of Murder. Signet, 2005)Goodbye, Piccadilly. Farewell, Leicester bloody Square. (James Marsters as Spike in Becoming: Part 2. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 1998)Whoopdee-damn-doo, Bruce thought. At most newspapers, general assignment reporters were newsroom royalty, given the most important stories. At the East Lauderdale Tattler, they were a notch above janitors, and burdened with lowly tasks . . .. (Ken Kaye, Final Revenge. AuthorHouse, 2008)To persuade people to keep watching [the television program Zoo Quest], [David] Attenborough gave the series an objective, a rare animal to pursue: picarthates gymnocephalus, the bald-headed rock crow. He doubted this creature would be alluring enough, but when his cameraman Charles Lagus was driving him down Regent Street in an open-top sports car and a bus driver leaned out of his cab and asked, in a neat piece of tmesis, if he was ever going to catch that Picafartees gymno-bloody-cephalus, he knew it had lodged itself in the public mind. (Joe Moran, Armchair Nation. Profile, 2013) This is not Romeo, hes some other where. (William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet)In what torn ship soever I embark,That ship shall be my emblemWhat sea soever swallow me, that floodShall be to me an emblem of thy blood. (John Donne, Hymn to Christ, at the Authors Last Going Into Germany)Most often, tmesis is applied to compounds of ever. Which way so ever man refer to it (Milton); that manhow dearly ever parted (Troilus and Cressida 3.3.96); how heinous eer it be,/To win thy after-love I pardon thee (Richard II 5.3.34). However, the syllable of any word can be separated: Oh so lovely sitting abso-blooming-lutely still (A. Lerner and F. Lowe, My Fair Lady). Or See his windlilycockslaced (G.M. Hopkins, Harry Ploughman). Tmesis is also commonly used in terms of British slang, such as hoo-bloody-ray. (A. Quinn, Tmesis. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition, ed. by T. Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996)Its a sort of long cocktailhe got the formula off a barman in Marrakesh or some-bloody-where . (Kingsley Amis, Take a Girl Like You, 1960) I did summon up the courage to poke a camera through Terry Adamss front gate last year, only to be met with a minders greeting: Why dont you leave us a-f-ing-lone. I wonder if the brute was aware of his use of tmesis, the insertion of one word into another? (Martin Brunt, How Terror Has Changed the Crime Beat. The Guardian, Nov. 26, 2007)old age sticksup KeepOffsigns) youth yanks themdown(oldagecries NoTres) (pas)youth laughs(singold agescolds Forbidden StopMustnt Dont) youth goesright ongrowing old(E.E. Cummings, old age sticks)Gideon [Kent] knew [Joseph] Pulitzer, of course. He admired the publishers insistence that his paper never become the captive of any group or political party. Indegoddamnpendent was Pulitzers unique way of putting it. (John Jakes, The Americans. Nelson Doubleday, 1980) Tmetic Rhythms When you insert a word for emphasis- be it fricking, bleeping, something ruder, or something less rude- you cant just stick it any old where. We know this because abso-freaking-lutely is fine but ab-freaking-solutely or absolute-freaking-ly is not. Whether its in a word, a phrase, or a name- you stick the emphatic addition right before a stressed syllable, usually the syllable with the strongest stress, and most often the last stressed syllable. What were doing, in prosodic terms, is inserting a foot. . . . When it comes to sticking these extra feet in, we normally break the word or phrase according to the rhythm of what were inserting. To be or not to be, that is the question is thought of as iambic pentameter, but you wont break it between iambs if your interrupting foot is a trochee: To be or not to bleeping be, not To be or not bleeping to be . . . But if its an iamb? To be or not the heck to be, not To be or not to the heck be. Look, these are rude, interrupting words. Theyre breaking in and wrecking the structure. Thats the freaking point. But they still do it with a rhythmic feeling. (James Harbeck, Why Linguists Freak Out About Absofreakinglutely. The Week, December 11, 2014) The Split Infinitive as Tmesis A split infinitive has been elsewhere defined as a type of syntactic tmesis in which a word, especially an adverb, occurs between to and the infinitival form of a verb. Different labels have been used to name this particular ordering of English, spiked adverb or cleft infinitive among others, but the term split infinitive has eventually superseded all its predecessors (Smith 1959: 270).  (Javier Calle-Martin and Antonio Miranda-Garcia, On the Use of Split Infinitives in English. Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments, ed. by Antoinette Renouf and Andrew Kehoe. Rodopi, 2009)

Role of Emotional Intelligence and Gender in an Organizations Essay

Role of Emotional Intelligence and Gender in an Organizations Leadership Styles - Essay Example This paper illustrates that some people believe that leaders are born whereas others are of the view that leaders are developed. In any case, it is a fact that genetics and environment play vital roles in shaping leadership styles of a person. It is not necessary that children of leaders may always become leaders or children of workers may not become leaders. Emotional intelligence and gender are two decisive factors which can influence leadership qualities in one way or another. According to Cherry, â€Å"Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions. Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while others claim it is an inborn characteristic†. In any case, it is a fact that the leadership qualities of a person have strong associations with his emotional intelligence. People with weak emotional quotient may not function effectively when crisis situations develop whereas people with high emotional intelligence may not lose their temper and patience when the organization faces crisis situations. Same way, the manner in which a female leader reacts to a crisis situation need not be the same as male leader reacts to same situations. This paper analyses the role of emotional intelligence and gender in shaping leadership styles of different people in different organizations. The competition between Microsoft and Apple Inc. for domination in computer and consumer electronics market has caught the attention of many business pundits. 1980’s and 90’s were challenging periods for Apple and many people thought that Apple computers are on the verge of destruction. Microsoft did succeed in monopolizing operating system market during this period with the introduction of their window-based operating system for personal computers. On the other hand, Apple’s Macintosh operating system failed to make many waves in the market.

Death Penalty and Deterrence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Death Penalty and Deterrence - Essay Example The death penalty is an ultimate punishment which may provoke criminals having low motives to refrain from crimes however such crimes are usually committed under the extreme state of mind or for significant motives, therefore, the fear of death can have limited effectiveness in deterrence from crimes. Definition provided by Grimes (2010) states, â€Å"Deterrence includes the direct and indirect benefits of punishing offenders: specific or direct deterrence refers to the inability of the offender to commit any further crimes due to the extent of this particular form of punishment, while general or indirect deterrence presumably serves to deter the general public from committing the offense(s) which resulted in the death sentence for the death penalty (p. 2010)†. Therefore, capital punishment is expected to have the tendency of ensuring that crime is avoided due to its fear. According to the American Civil Liberties Union (2012), there are limited shreds of evidence as to how ca pital punishment contributes to reducing crime rates. It is important to note that a punishment or penalty imposed by law can be deterrent to a crime when its severe enough against the crime committed, can be applied with certainty and up to a just level of frequency. On the other hand, capital punishment although daunting ensures that a criminal does not have to suffer adequately for the severe crimes committed by them as compared to a lengthy imprisonment. It is argued that a punishment can only serve its purpose of deterring crime and also providing justice to criminal as well as the victim if it has consistency and adequacy in it. However, it is difficult to find these characteristics in a capital punishment. Firstly, despite an increase in capital punishments in the last few decades, the actual percentage of execution is limited mainly because of after sentence investigations and appeals after conviction. According to BBC U.K. (2012), â€Å"in the USA at least, only a small mi nority of murderers are actually executed, and that imposition of capital punishment on a "capriciously selected random handful" of offenders does not amount to a consistent program of retribution. Since capital punishment is not operated retributively, it is inappropriate to use retribution to justify capital punishment.† In order to protect the rights of convicted, necessary measures are required to be taken to ensure that wrong convict are not punished and the punishment itself is adequate enough under the protection provided by constitutional rights as well. Such lengthy measures undermine the effectiveness of capital punishment. Since these processes are time taking and the ratio of appeals’ success is relatively higher, therefore the punishment itself appears to have leniency in it negating its deterrent nature. Secondly, the crimes for which capital punishment is imposed are usually taking place in the state of extreme emotional pressure, substance abuse or traum a which questions the mental stability of a person to make logical decisions regarding his/ her actions (American Civil Liberties Union, 2012). On the other hand, there have been cases reported in which crimes were committed for self-defense or by those whose mental health was questionable. Since these factors have a tendency of affecting the court’s decisions greatly, these grey areas can be used by criminals and lawyers for avoiding conviction.  

HRD 495 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

HRD 495 - Essay Example Fourth is being a capacity builder in order to do culture and capability audits of the organization. Fifth is being a strategic positioner which involves constructing HR reactions that are in line with the external requirements (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). With the changes in the nature of business, there has been a refocusing and expanding in HR roles. In order to meet the expectations of organizations, senior HR leaders have to react by recognizing and acquiring the competencies necessary for their dynamic functions. The major additional competencies required by senior HR leaders are leading change, strategic thinking and effective communication. Strategic human resource management is formulated to aid companies in meeting the various needs of their employees while also promoting company goals. SHRM is a component that is valuable in ensuring organizational success as it helps in attaining a competitive edge as pertains to flexibility, cost and quality. It is therefore necessary for SHRM to include the individuals that the organization is involved in business with. It is through them that sustainability can be attained by creating values that could not be implemented by indirect and direct competitors. Organizational success could also be attained by continuous investment by an organization in its image or reputation, emphasizing on the need for sound HR practices and policies and adjusting them with the business strategies through SHRM. Therefore, SHRM is not merely a strategy that is centered on the organization’s human aspect but is a holistic approach which builds on the human asset as value-creating factors (Ivan cevich, 2010). It is an employer’s aim to hire the best person for a particular job irrespective of their age. There have been a lot of misconceptions regarding hiring older workers pertaining to productivity, health, up-skilling, and blocking

What is the Nature of External Reality?

What is the Nature of External Reality? Worldview is the way a person views the world. Worldview is not just a story or a presumption of life. It is a reality. Worldview is not an assumption of the world. It is a simple, basic belief of life. It is a framework of beliefs through which a person views the meaning of life. A worldview is the way our hearts believe, and not just a thing in our mind. A worldview is an assumption of life that could be true or false. It is a foundation that we believe and live in. There are two basic worldviews. One is based on God, and one is not based on God. A worldview is an argument or a way of guessing why things are the way they are in the world we live in. A person needs to develop his own worldview and believe in what is truth. For a Christian, truth is the Word of God. The first question in this book is What is prime reality-the really real? In Christian Theism, reality is God revealed in the Holy Scriptures. He is the prime reality and is the source of all other reality. He is infinite. He is personal. He is transcendent. He is omniscient. He is sovereign. He is good. In Deism, God created the world and left it to operate on its own. It believes that God does not interact with anyone on earth and denies the true nature of God. In Naturalism, prime reality is matter which is endures forever and is all that exists. It does not believe that God exists. It proposes that the cosmos is the primary reality and pushes God out of the picture. It believes that matter has always existed but probably not in it current state. It is only one thing without any Creator or Divine Being. In Nihilism, nothing exists. There is no God and we are nothing. The universe has no meaning. Existentialism, it believes the same at Naturalism. According to Eastern religions, Go d is in everything, and the cosmos is God. Reality is beyond distinction. They believe that the soul of everyone is actually combined to be the soul of the cosmos, which is the ultimate reality. If something exists that is not God, it is called an illusion. Everything should be combined or united to be The One. Anything that does not combine to be The One is not reality. The One is the ultimate reality. They also believe that there are many roads to The One and that chants can help you obtain ultimate reality. According to the New Age worldview, the soul or the inner being of a person is the prime reality. In other words, self is the reality. Self is important because it is the center of the universe. It is in control of reality. There are three versions which are mentioned. The occult version deals with magic, witchcraft, and similar ungodly acts. The psychedelic deals with reality under another influence to create another reality than the one perceived. The conceptual relativist d eals with the disjunction between what is objective reality and perceived reality. The symbols that society uses do not match what reality is. In Postmodernism, thinking is reality. It is interested in how a person knows rather than what a person knows. It believes that if something is not there, then it cannot be known. It is based on thinking too much. In Islamic Theism, it believes that Allah is God and He is reality. Some people think that maybe the Quran should be included in fundamental reality. The second question is What is the nature of external reality, that is, the world around us? In Christian Theism, external reality is the world that God created. He created all the rules that govern the world. God does answer prayers in relation to His world. In Deism, external reality is the cosmos God created because He created it as a uniformity of cause. It is a closed system, and no miracles are possible. In Naturalism, the universe is composed solely of matter but to human beings, external reality appears in two forms as subjective and objective. In Nihilism, nothing exists. The world is a closed system, and it only acts within itself. In Existentialism, reality is subjective and objective. In Eastern religions, Atman is Brahman that is the sole of each human being and is the soul of the cosmos. It is external reality. Some things are more One than another. Many roads lead to the One. Reality is beyond personality. In New Age religions, external reality is manifested in two dim ensions. The visible universe is accessible through ordinary consciousness, and the invisible universe is accessed through altered states of consciousness. There are three distinct attitudes toward physical question of nature. The occult perceives things in states. The psychedelic perceives things which are projections of conscious self. Conceptual relativity perceives things in which the cosmic consciousness is the consciousness of self. In Postmodernism, matter exists, but God does not exist. In Islamic Theism, external reality is God created the universe, and all its creatures are responsible to Him. The third question is What is a human being? In Christian Theism, humans are created in the image of God. They have intelligence, self-transcendence, morality, and creativity. Human beings were created good; but through the Fall, Gods image was changed in us. In Deism, human beings are a part of the time of the universe. In Naturalism, humans are complex organisms where personalities are an interrelation of chemicals. In Nihilism, humans do not really exist and are basically dead. Their lives are already determined for them so they do not really matter, and they are not responsible for anything. In Existentialism, human beings have to come into full awareness of who they are, and people make themselves who they are. Each person is totally free to determine his destiny. In Eastern religions, the human race is on the edge of extreme change of human nature. They are prototypes of the new age. In New Age, a human is God or Kosmos. They grow in awareness and are transformed. In Postmodern ism, humans make themselves who they are by learning things about themselves. In Islamic Theism, humans are the top of Gods creation. Their high standing in creation means that they have the most responsibility to live up to Gods standards. The fourth question is What happens to a person at death? In Christian Theism, a person will enter the gate to life with God in heaven or the gate to separation from God in hell. In Deism, humans may not have life after his life on earth. In Naturalism, death means the end of a persons personality and individuality. In Nihilism, death is an absurdity. In Existentialism, it believes the same as Naturalism. There is nothing special about it because we are nothing special from other objects. In Eastern religions, a person does die, but death changes nothing that is important. It believes in reincarnation. The soul or the essence of a person is eternal. In New Age religions, there is no fear of death because physical death is not the end of a person. In Postmodernism, since there is no God, then death is only language. Death is not mentioned. In Islamic Theism, a person will either go to paradise or hell. The fifth question is Why is it possible to know anything at all? In Christian Theism, God gave us the ability to learn about the world and about Him. In Deism, it says that we have the ability in us to learn about the world and about God. In Naturalism, it believes the same as Deism. In Nihilism, nothing exists. In Existentialism, it believes a person must make the value in what it observes. In Naturalism, people learn things when they come into full consciousness. In Eastern religions, the only thing that is valuable is what is Oneness. In New Age religions, things appear or disappear when a person comes into full consciousness. In Postmodernism, reality is hidden from people. In Islamic Theism, it believes that Allah has given people the ability to learn things about their world. The sixth question is How do we know what is right or wrong? In Christian Theism, In Deism, In Naturalism, In Nihilism, In Existentialism, In Naturalism, In Eastern religions, In New Age religions, In Postmodernism, In Islamic Theism, The seventh question is What is the meaning of human history? In Christian Theism, In Deism, In Naturalism, In Nihilism, In Existentialism, In Naturalism, In Eastern religions, In New Age religions, In Postmodernism, In Islamic Theism, Microeconomics: Indifference Curve, Oligopoly Game Theory Microeconomics: Indifference Curve, Oligopoly Game Theory Introduction: Microeconomics aims to cover every aspects of our economic life. This report will discuss, evaluate and assess the usefulness and limitations of microeconomic theories in reaching that aim. Microeconomics is The study of choices that individuals make and the way these choices will interact in given markets (Parkin et al. 2012, p.2) or put more simply, microeconomics is the allocation of scarce resources. There are a number of objectives of microeconomics, the foremost being; Equity, Efficiency, Growth and Stability. This report will examine the commonly used theories of; Indifference analysis, Game Theory and the market structure of Oligopoly; analysing the benefits and drawbacks and how they are applied in the real world. Indifference Curve Analysis: To answer questions about individual decision making indifference curve analysis is applied. Before looking at this model it is necessary to assume that the individual satisfies the four axioms of rational preference formulated by Savage (1954). These are; completeness, more is better, transitivity and convexity. Sugden (1991 p.761) describes these as Preferences over acts, where acts are made up of consequences. A rational consumer will of course spend their money on the mix of products that give them most pleasure (Read 2007, p.45). However this will vary for each consumer, because each consumer will have different preferences. The consumer is constrained financially by their exogenous income to only be able to purchase bundles of goods X and Y on or below their budget line. This line does not always have to be straight, and in everyday applications it often is not. This is true with perfect compliments such as right and left shoes, the budget constraint will be stepped because a consumer will not gain much util (benefit) from having significantly more right shoes than left. An indifference curve is a graph showing a combination of two different goods that give the consumer equal satisfaction. There are four main properties of an indifference curve; it is ubiquitous, downward sloping, cannot cross and cannot become less steep. The marginal rate of substitution is the rate at which the consu mer is willing to exchange one bundle, for another along the indifference curve (this is equal to the value of the slope). Diminishing marginal rate of substitution explains why the line is curved as seen in figure 1 (Perloff, 2012). The consumer will take any allocation of resources along each indifference curve (I1, I2, I3). Their utility is optimal where the indifference curve meets the budget constraint. It can be observed that I2 is tangent to the budget constraint at point e therefore that is the rational and optimal choice, although I1 does also intersect part of the budget constraint (points a and c), the equilibrium of goods will be less desirable. Therefore that leaves I2 as the rational choice. However indifference curve analysis does not take into account the consumers preference to save instead of spend. This could cause point d to be the most desirable option. An application of Indifference curve analysis is the use of the Edgeworth box; TheEdgeworth boxis a traditional visualization of the benefits potentially available from trade. When both parties have utilised the benefit that they can receive this is called Pareto optimality. If two consumers (A and B) have fixed amounts of two products (X and Y) they must find a way to trade these goods that benefits both of them without making the other worse off. This can be solved by using their preference maps to construct an Edgeworth box diagram. Figure 2 (Perloff, 2012) shows the indifference curves of the two consumers (Jane and Denise) are tangent at a number of points. If the consumers originally plan on commencing trade at point e this will give Jane 30W and 20C and Denise 20W and 60C, Hence by using IJ2 and ID2 this is more beneficial to both parties due to there being greater overall bundles in addition to a greater combination of products. This then follows both the convexity and the more is better axioms of consumer preference. A contract curve is drawn through all of the Pareto optimal points of trade, which shows the various positions of exchange of products that equalise the marginal rates of substitution of the two exchangers. One particular drawback is that indifference curves usually only focuses on two goods, whereas in real terms it would be very rare that there are only two options of what to spend income on. Although it is possible to create an indifference map that takes into account three goods this is the furthest that the model can progress. There is also no scope for risk, uncertainty, or other factors that could influence a consumers preference map, this is because this form of analysis sticks rigidly to the assumption of Ceteris Paribus. Indifference curve analysis relies upon a consumer behaving rationally, however it is quite possible for a consumer, or anyone, not to behave in a rational way. Hume (1740) argued that reason alone was not a motive to act rationally, and that passion and impulse were of more importance in decision making. Game Theory: Perhaps one of the most discussed theories in microeconomics is that of Game Theory. Perloff, (2012, p.505) defines game theory as formally describing games and predicts their outcome conditional on the rules of the game, the information that players have, and other factors. There are certain factors that must be present for a game to exist. There must be players, strategies, orders of moves (time) and payoffs or rewards for each outcome. Providing that a player behaves rationally, we can assume they will follow a dominant strategy. This is a strategy that gives the player the best final outcome in comparison to all other potential strategies. The prisoner’s dilemma is a paradox in decision analysis where two parties end up worse off by pursuing self-interest. Furthermore it shows how if all parties in a game apply a dominant strategy there will be no real winner. Tucker (1952)formalized the game as we know it today with prison sentence rewards and named it prisoners dilemma It can be seen in figure 3 (Kane, 2013) The prisoners dilemma is set up so that both parties choose to protect themselves at the expense of the other participant; this is achieved by opting to confess. Following a logical thought process to help themselves, both participants are consequently worse off than if they had cooperated and trusted each other. Evidently, receiving confessions from both players is the Nash equilibrium (where each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has any advantage by changing their own strategy).It is therefore also the Pareto optimal point. This game can be expanded , giving the players 3 or more strategies each. Although this makes the game more difficult it can be solved using the method of iterated elimination of dominated strategies. This means that when a player notices that a possible strategy is strictly dominated by another strategy (all options of other strategy give a better outcome) then the strategy will not be considered. The prisoner’s dilemma is summarised well by Matt Ridley, â€Å"broadly speaking any situation in which you are tempted to do something, but know it would be a great mistake if everybody did the same thing, is likely to be a prisoner’s dilemma† (1996, p.55). A particularly fascinating application of the prisoner’s dilemma was its use in the cold war. Simplifying research by Cobb (2012). The two players (NATO and the Warsaw Pact) had to choose whether or not to build nuclear weapons. If neither chose to do so, valuable money, time and potentially lives would be saved. All players would be considerably better off if both avoided building nuclear weapons. However if one side built weapons and the other did not then that player would have a huge advantage. Therefore the only rational choice is for both sides to build nuclear weaponry. This puts both players on an equal level. However both are now financially worse off than when they started. Although it could be argued that the application of game theory has saved the world from nuclear war. Steiner and Schelling (1960, p.210) studied a similar model and came to the conclusion that world peace would be the most plausible solution. As shown in the film A Beautiful Mind (2002), the prisoner’s dilemma and Nash Equilibrium challenge Adam Smith’s (1776) marketplace model, which implies that the pursuit of self-interest results in collective benefit. One can observe many political disputes as partially flowing from disagreement regarding which model is more appropriate in a particular situation. For example when a firm or person is operating in a market with many available players, the option to cheat (confess) will not be taken as it would tarnish a firms reputation. This point is made well by Tullock (1985) and essentially implies that if you do not choose to cooperate in the short term, you may not have anyone to cooperate with in the long term. Game theorists have the assumption that players have perfect knowledge of both their own and opponents payoffs. When applied to the real world in more complicated applications this is often not true. It is often not possible to discover an outcome until the game has been played. Traditional game theory does include the factor that humans are intelligent and will often change their strategy when a game is played multiple times. It is assumed that players of a game will always apply a dominant strategy, however, this may not occur if players know each other or know that they will later come into contact with each other. Oligopoly: An Oligopoly is a common form of market structure with limited competition, in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers whereas a duopoly only has two dominant firms. Many of the models used when analysing this market structure focus on duopolies for simplicity reasons. There have been a number of contrasting models for an oligopolistic market, arguably the three most important, and the three that this report will focus on, are the Cournot model, Stackelberg model and Bertrand model. In the Cournot model each firm assumes that rivals will continue producing at their current output levels. Each firm has the assumption that its competitors production levels are fixed, and will not be effected by their own production levels. This was developed by Antoine A. Cournot (1838). Each firm has a best response possible for every situation, this is the reaction function and is shown by (Perloff 2012) in figure 4. The best response curves show which output a firm will pick to maximise profit following its belief of its rivals output, Cournot equilibrium is found where the best response curves intersect. In contrast to this, the Stackelberg model assumes that firms do not decide on output simultaneously, instead, there is a price leader and a price follower. Henceforth, backwards induction is used to find the equilibrium. Cournot’s model is a simultaneous game, whereas Stackelberg’s is a sequential game. It can be seen from diagram 4 below that in the Cournot mod el, output for the two firms will be the same, however, output in the Stackelberg model is higher for the leader and lower for the price taker. If the firms are price takers then they will produce where demand equals to marginal cost. Within the Bertrand model each firm assumes that rivals will continue charging their current prices, the model was created by Bertrand (1883) in a review of Cournots model. Bertrands argument is that firms will choose the price to set rather than quantities, and that price should equal marginal cost. One problem with this model is that it assumes that consumers will always buy the lowest price product; which does not take into account factors such as product differentiation, location and the cost to the consumer of obtaining market information. The emergence of cartels is fairly common in oligopolies. This can have a negative effect on the consumer. A cartel is an agreement between competing firms to control prices and output. A cartel will form if the incumbent firms in the industry believe they can formulate higher profits by colluding together. If two firms collude, they could operate as a monopoly, therefore producing less and charging a higher price. Following Stigler (1964) many economists now accept that collusion is not a viable option in the long term as each firm has the incentive to cheat. This could be achieved by raising either price or quantity. Although cartels are illegal in most countries this has not stopped them forming. Research from Levenstein and Suslow (2006, p43-95) showed that although cartels are often successful in raising prices in the short term, most break up before five years. This is because when there is an incentive to cheat (and get away with it), most firms will take that opportunity. As shown in the recent failed cartel within the US airline industry involving Qantas (BBC 2007) In disparity to this however, an oligopolistic market does not necessarily mean that the firms will collude. Coca cola and Pepsi have a duopoly of their market, yet they are fiercely competitive and are forced to spend vast amounts each year on advertising. This level of competitiveness drives down prices through price wars, causes firms to differentiate products, and encourages innovation. Ultimately all of this is good news for the consumer. Another interesting example of an oligopolistic market is the current UK petrol station industry. Although the price of oil has fallen dramatically in the previous year, the firms inside the market are unwilling to drop their prices to match the fall in costs. This is because of price rigidity and collusion, if one firm dropped the price of petrol then all other incumbent firms would follow the price drop. This would consequently reduce profit for all firms in the industry. This shows how oligopolies can often have a negative effect for consumers. Conclusion: In conclusion the biggest problem in the application of microeconomics is the principle that consumers will always behave rationally, as previously noted, rationality is hard to define. In addition to this microeconomic theories are based on the static assumption of Ceteris Paribus which means Other things being equal. This assumption is unrealistic, the way we think and act are constantly changing, decisions can vary from day to day in response to to many different factors. Many of the microeconomic models do not go into the complexity needed to completely analyse our everyday behaviour. For example indifference curve analysis is limited to two or three products and some of the theories behind oligopolies can only be used for duopolies. However this does not make these models obsolete by any means. For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt that microeconomics can, if applied correctly, cover aspects of our everyday lives and give us a detailed insight into how and why we act as we do. However, this being said, microeconomic theories should only be used as one of many tools to help aid our knowledge of the economic world. The study of Microeconomic theory helps in achieving the correct allocation of resources, commodities and output mix for the maximization of the social welfare. APPENDIX Figure 1 : Consumer Maximisation (Perloff 2012, p.115) Figure 2: Edgeworth Box and Contract Curve (Perloff 2012, p.349) Figure 3: The Prisoners Dilemma (Kane 2013.) Figure 4: Duopoly Equilibrium (Perloff 2012, p.487) Bibliography A Beautiful Mind, 2002. Film. A Beautiful Mind (2001). Available from: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0268978/ [Accessed 27 Nov 2014]. BBC, 2007. Qantas admits cargo price fixing [online]. BBC Business. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7116073.stm [Accessed 29 Nov 2014]. Bertrand, J., 1883. Book review of theorie mathematique de la richesse sociale and of recherches sur les principles mathematiques de la theorie des richesses. Journal de Savants, 67, 499–508. Cobb, L., 2012. Encylopedia of Mathematics and Society. Hackensack. Salem Press Inc. Cournot, A., 1838. Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth.The American Mathematical Monthly, 35 (8). Hume, D., 1740. A Treatise of Human Nature. (Second Edition). Oxford: Claredon Press. Kane, T,. 2013. The Prisoners Dilemma [table] United States: Available from: http://balanceofeconomics.com/2013/01/03/national-affairs-the-political-prisoners-dilemma/ [Accessed 23 November 2014] Levenstein, M. and Suslow, V., 2006. What Determines Cartel Success? Journal of Economic Literature [online], 44 (1), 43–95. Parkin, M., Powell, M., and Matthews, K., 2012. Essential Economics. European Edition. United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited. Perloff, J., 2012. Microeconomics. 6th Edition. United States: Pearson Addison Wesley. Perloff, J., 2012. Figure 4.9 [graph]. United States: Pearson Addison Wesley. Perloff, J., 2012. Figure 10.4 [graph]. United States: Pearson Addison Wesley. Perloff, J., 2012. Figure 13.6 [graph]. United States: Pearson Addison Wesley. Read, D., 2007. Experienced utility: Utility theory from Jeremy Bentham to Daniel Kahneman.Thinking Reasoning [online], 13 (1), 45–61. Ridley, M., 1996. The Origins of Virtue: Human Instincts and the Evolution of Cooperation. London. Penguin Books. Savage, L., 1954. The Foundations of Statistics. New York: Wiley Smith, A., 1776. An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London: Methuen. Steiner, P. and Schelling, T., 1961. The Strategy of Conflict.Economica, 28 (109). Stigler, George., 1964. A Theory of Oligopoly. Journal of Political Economy, 72(1): 44–61. Sugden, R., 1991. Rational Choice: A Survey of Contributions from Economics and Philosophy.The Economic Journal, 101 (407). Tucker, A., and Kuhn, H., 1952. Contributions to the Theory of Games. Econometrica, 20 (1). Tullock, G., 1985. Adam Smith and the Prisoners’ Dilemma. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100.

Personal Writing: Living In Both Texas And New York City Essay

Personal Writing: Living In Both Texas and New York City Where a person was born or raised often plays an important role in their lives. There are often comparisons between a urban civilization to rural civilization. Humans adopt to different environments that would be the most suitable for their style of living. Society as a whole didn't tell us where civilization should take place. Choosing the right place for a living depends on the matters of self preference and comfort. Throughout the last decade, I was brought up in two different cities that are thousands of miles apart - - New York City and Houston. The two cities are ranked among the top ten in state / city population, yet there are structures and mainframes which we can soon identify or relate with. Although it's located in different regions, it was beneficial to experience and to taste the variety in culture, way of life, and the school system. I was raised in the central Manhattan of the Big Apple, the city that never sleeps. Mass transit and people had always flooded the streets and intersections. It seemed like everyone were heading for different directions and the citizens of New York City are too busy with their own affairs and does have time to care of what's going on in their surroundings. The citizens of New York City would care less about the traffic safety and reading the traffic signs. The smell of the city reminds me of the honey roasted peanut stands, a sweet scent of aroma that would often fill up the neighborhood. When I close my eyes and think deeply about NYC, there has been a chime in my head of the messengers blowing their whistles to fight in the traffic while slicing left and right to get to their destination. New York City taxi drivers are the "killers" of the rush hour. Taxi drivers within the city are not afraid to use their horn. I must give a great deal of respect to the New York City taxi drivers because they are hard working citizens whom knows what they're doing on the road and they are always providing the fasted delivery from one place to another. Above all, I attended private schools in near the Greenwich Village area of New York City. It's a small area called SOHO, similar to the street of New Orleans. I attended two different catholic schools within five years span. Because most public schools in NYC lacked the reputatio... ... with your own kind" had came across my mind for the first time when I moved to the south. Up in the northern part of the region, people did not care much about what racial group you're attached with. But down here, it seem like a defense mechanism. Transportation was another factor. Subways, taxi, and mass transit city buses are everywhere in the city. Even though it was at a higher expense, people of the city have less time to worry about how to get from one point to another. In Sugar Land, a person without an automobile is just as bad as a handicap on a wheelchair. Although I lived in New York City for several years, I had to consider myself as a Texan because I practically grew up here. From getting my license to getting my first accident, I was raised from adolescent to adulthood in the south. Even though there are many conveniences of living in the city, there are many complications and crimes within. I was happy that I grew up here because I was raised in a calm neighborhood, away from all the deception and chaos. If I had would recommend to any people out there where to reside, I wouldn't hesitate to recommend Texas, the Lone Star State.